International Journal of Scientific Pediatrics
type: channel
publisher: Андижанский государственный медицинский институт
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Scientific Pediatrics
issn: 2181-2926
items: Current Views on the Relevance of Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Children: Prevalence and Diagnosis (Literature Review)
items: Clinical and laboratory characteristics and elastography results in children with obesity and metabolic fatty liver disease
items: Age-related characteristics of proteolytic enzymes in acute bronchial obstructions in children
items: Efficacy of tocopherol therapy in full-term newborns with congenital pneumonia
items: The Significance Of Clinical Risk Factors In The Differential Diagnosis Of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Pathologies In Infants With Vomiting Syndrome
items: Optimization of diagnostical algorithms for pediatric polyneuropathy: etiological classification and immunological assessment in genetic and acquired types
items: Clinical features of glomerulopathies in children with iodine deficiency: a literature review
items: Characteristics of Clinical Signs in the Comorbid Course of Allergic Rhinitis and Bronchial Asthma in Children
items: Modern Principles of Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Obstructive Bronchitis in Young Children
items: Spastic Diplegia (Juber Syndrome) In a CHild With Coronary Circulatory Disorder And Anemia
items: Thyroid Gland and Chronic Kidney Disease in Children
items: Аnxiety as a Clinical Marker of Atopic Dermatitis Activity in CHildren
items: Bronchial Asthma in Adolescents with Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Dysplasia: Role of Th17 Cytokines, Vitamin D and Microelement Imbalance
items: Modern Clinical and Epidemiological Features of The Course of Hemorrhagic Vasculitis in CHildren
items: Adaptation of children to Learning in Schools with Different Educational Models: The State of Autonomic Homeostasis and Personal-Characterological Adaptive Resources
items: Modern Features of the Pathogenesis, Epidemiology and Clinical Course of Acute glomerulonephritis in children
items: POLYMORPHISM OF THE FTO GENE (RS9939609) AS A RISK FACTOR FOR EARLY KIDNEY DAMAGE IN CHILDREN WITH OBESITY
items: DEPRESSION IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE: THE DETERMINING ROLE OF DISEASE STAGE AND MOTOR DEFICIT
items: THE ROLE OF PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF THE GUT MICROBIOME AND HEALTH STATUS OF INFANTS DURING THE FIRST YEARS OF LIFE
items: PREGNANCY OUTCOMES IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER COMPLICATED BY RETROCHORIAL HEMATOMA
items: IMPROVING THE RESULTS OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CRYPTORCHIDISM IN CHILDREN
items: IMMUNOHEMATOLOGICAL MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION IN FULL-TERM NEWBORNS WITH CONGENITAL PNEUMONIA
items: ASSESSMENT OF THE RESULTS OF PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION TO CHANGE LIFESTYLE IN OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE CHILDREN
items: CARDIOPROTECTION IN ANESTHESIOLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR PEDIATRIC OPEN HEART SURGERY: CLINICAL CAPABILITIES OF SEVOFLURANE
items: ANESTHESIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF PERIOPERATIVE OUTCOMES IN CHILDREN WITH INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
items: IMPROVEMENT OF TREATMENT TACTICS FOR SEVERE DEGREES OF PECTUS EXCAVATUM IN PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN
items: STUDY OF THE PATHOGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF VISFATIN AND FOLLISTATIN LEVELS IN ENDOCRINE INFERTILITY
items: THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND INNATE IMMUNITY PARAMETERS IN PREDICTING THE SEVERITY OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN
items: A CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ALVEOLAR PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF OCCLUSION IN PATIENTS AGED 7 TO 18 YEARS
items: FEATURES OF THE IMMUNOLOGICAL PROFILE IN CHILDREN WITH JUVENILE ARTHRITIS OF SYSTEMIC ONSET DEPENDING ON DISEASE ACTIVITY

Current Views on the Relevance of Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Children: Prevalence and Diagnosis (Literature Review)
type: item
description: Minimal brain dysfunction is a complex of neurological disorders that can arise from trauma or problems during pregnancy. This article analyzes the literature, explains the main symptoms and causes of the syndrome, its prevalence, and the reasons for the obsolescence of the term "MMD" from a historical perspective and based on current data. Modern diagnostics, which have replaced the old term, influence the effectiveness of diagnostic methods and the treatment of patients. This article presents the results of an analysis based on the latest international literature on the prevalence of this syndrome in the pediatric population and its potential solutions. The article also includes information aimed at addressing the psychological challenges of children in the late stages of MMD development. It is demonstrated that the polymorphism of MMD clinical signs plays an important role in differentiating it from several neuropsychiatric disorders. Based on the literature on this topic, it can be concluded that in all cases of MMD, there is a delay in the functional development of brain activity, which becomes the basis for subsequent clinical manifestations. Children's intellectual development corresponds to the stages of ontogenetic development, and they struggle to master school skills and social adaptation. They develop psychoemotional instability, lack of self-confidence, low self-esteem, and personality changes such as aggression. Almost all children experience various problems and conflicts in the family and school environment, depending on the degree of maladjustment. Difficulty mastering school subjects, irregular attendance at classes, and a tendency to participate in various informal groups develop.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: minimal brain dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: children and adolescents
  topic: keywords
subject: hyperactivity
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdurayim Arzikulov
creator: Rustambek Matmurodov
creator: Shoxruxbek Sapioxunov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-10
publication date: 2026-06-10
starting page: 1380
ending page: 1387
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-3-1380-1387

Clinical and laboratory characteristics and elastography results in children with obesity and metabolic fatty liver disease
type: item
description: Introduction. To date, the obesity pandemic is closely linked to the spread of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), the detection rate of which among children tends to increase. Purpose of the study: to determine the frequency of MAFLD in children with various types of obesity, evaluating metabolic status and liver parenchyma rigidity. Material and methods: this work is based on the results of a prospective study of 66 children with obesity aged 12-18 years, as well as 30 children with normal body weight. Anthropometric studies, biochemical studies to determine the levels of aminotransferases, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to determine leptin and interleukins were conducted. Ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs and liver elastography were performed. The results of the conducted study indicate a high prevalence of MAFLD among children with exogenous-constitutional obesity, especially in its abdominal type. The obtained data align with modern concepts regarding the leading role of visceral obesity in the development of metabolic disorders and liver damage. The frequency of MAFLD in children with abdominal obesity was 57.14%, which was 2 times higher than the same indicator in children with uniform fat distribution (29.03%), confirming a higher risk of liver steatosis formation in cases of visceral fat accumulation. The study of biochemical indicators demonstrated the presence of functional liver changes in children with obesity. Despite the fact that the average values of transaminases were within the reference intervals, the levels of ALT and AST in children with abdominal obesity were significantly higher compared to both children with uniform obesity and the control group An increase in ALT of more than 1.5 times was primarily identified in children with abdominal obesity, which may indicate the formation of inflammatory changes in the liver and the development of metabo…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: liver steatosis
  topic: keywords
subject: liver elastography
  topic: keywords
subject: Young's modulus
  topic: keywords
subject: fibrosis
  topic: keywords
subject: leptin
  topic: keywords
creator: Dilafruz Turayeva
creator: Lilya Garifulina
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-10
publication date: 2026-06-10
starting page: 1372
ending page: 1379
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-3-1372-1379

Age-related characteristics of proteolytic enzymes in acute bronchial obstructions in children
type: item
description: Introduction. Acute bronchial obstructions (ABO) in children remain one of the most frequent reasons for hospitalization in pediatric practice. The high prevalence, severity of clinical manifestations, and risk of developing chronic bronchopulmonary pathology make the problem extremely significant for modern medicine. Purpose of the study. To determine the role of proteolytic enzymes in the pathogenesis of acute bronchial obstructions in preschool and primary school children, as well as to evaluate the balance between neutrophilic elastase and α1 antitrypsin. Materials and methods. The study included 47 children with acute obstructive bronchitis. The patients were divided into two age groups: preschoolers (3-6 years, n=28) and schoolchildren (7-10 years, n=19). Clinical examination, laboratory determination of neutrophilic elastase (NE) and α1 antitripsin (α1 AT), as well as instrumental methods (spirometry, pulse oximetry, radiography) were performed. Results and Discussion. During the analysis conducted in children with acute bronchial obstructions, significant differences were identified in the activity of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitor levels depending on age. In preschool children, the concentration of neutrophilic elastase (NE) was 188.6±5.77 ng/ml. In schoolchildren, NE levels were significantly lower at 159.4±8.79 ng/ml (15.5% lower, p≤0.05). α1-antitrypsin (α1AT) levels were elevated in both age groups. In preschool children, it was -3.72±0.275 g/l; while in school-age children, it was -3.29±0.119 g/l (p≤0.05). Conclusion. The obtained data demonstrate that the imbalance between proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors is a universal mechanism for respiratory tract damage in childhood. Its severity determines the clinical features of the disease's course and can serve as a basis for developing new diagnostic markers and targeted therapeutic strategies.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: proteolytic activity
  topic: keywords
subject: acute obstructive respiratory diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: bronchiolitis
  topic: keywords
subject: respiratory tract inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: proteases
  topic: keywords
subject: antiproteases
  topic: keywords
subject: neutrophilic enzymes
  topic: keywords
creator: Kholida Abdurashidova
creator: Shoira Agzamova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-06
publication date: 2026-06-06
starting page: 1365
ending page: 1371
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-3-1365-1371

Efficacy of tocopherol therapy in full-term newborns with congenital pneumonia
type: item
description: Introduction. Congenital pneumonia (CP) is diagnosed in neonates with a frequency of 1.5–5%, remaining one of the most severe forms of intrauterine infection. Its high prevalence, the risk of respiratory failure, and prolonged disease course necessitate the introduction of additional therapeutic approaches. The study aimed to investigate the dynamics of alpha-tocopherol levels in the blood of full-term newborns with congenital pneumonia. Materials and Methods. The study included 83 neonates: 63 with clinically and laboratory‑confirmed CP and 20 healthy infants in the control group. Patients with CP were divided into two subgroups: Group I (n=32) received standard treatment combined with oral α‑tocopherol therapy, while Group II (n=31) received standard treatment only. Clinical and laboratory examinations were performed for all participants, including complete blood count, biochemical analysis, measurement of α‑tocopherol concentration by high‑performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, and chest radiography. Statistical analysis was conducted using variation methods to verify the significance of differences between groups. Results and Discussion. At baseline, blood α‑tocopherol levels were comparable across groups. By day three of life, antioxidant concentrations increased, with a more pronounced rise in infants receiving additional therapy. By day six, differences became significant, with α‑tocopherol levels up to 4% higher in Group I. Clinically, this was associated with faster resolution of respiratory failure (3–4 days versus 5–7), reduction of intoxication signs, normalisation of laboratory parameters, and accelerated resorption of pulmonary infiltrates (9–10 days versus 12–14). The average duration of hospitalisation was reduced by three days. Conclusions. The use of α‑tocopherol in the treatment of neonates with congenital pneumonia reduces the incidence of respiratory failure to 15.8%, intoxication signs to 19.2%, and shortens hospital stay by …
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: Congenital pneumonia
  topic: keywords
subject: Alpha‑tocopherol
  topic: keywords
subject: Neonatal antioxidant therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxidative stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Newborns
  topic: keywords
creator: Gullola Turabidinova
creator: Shoxida Turdiyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-06
publication date: 2026-06-06
starting page: 1357
ending page: 1364
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-3-1357-1364

The Significance Of Clinical Risk Factors In The Differential Diagnosis Of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Pathologies In Infants With Vomiting Syndrome
type: item
description: Vomiting syndrome is one of the most common clinical conditions encountered in pediatric practice and is predominantly functional in nature. However, this symptom may also represent a manifestation of serious organic pathologies of the upper gastrointestinal tract, particularly congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Early differential diagnosis between functional and organic conditions remains an important clinical challenge, especially in primary healthcare settings with limited access to instrumental diagnostic methods. Objective. To evaluate the diagnostic significance of clinical risk factors in predicting organic pathologies of the upper gastrointestinal tract in infants. Methods. The study included 89 infants presenting with vomiting syndrome, including 65 boys (73.0%) and 24 girls (27.0%). All patients underwent standardized clinical assessment including medical history evaluation, analysis of vomiting characteristics, weight dynamics, and physical examination findings. After diagnostic verification, patients were divided into two groups: an organic pathology group (n=45) and a functional disorder group (n=44). The diagnostic significance of clinical risk factors was assessed using the χ² test, odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results. The majority of patients (79.8%) presented within the first three months of life. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant association between several independent clinical factors and organic pathology. In particular, age under 3 months significantly increased the probability of organic pathology (OR=7.24; 95% CI: 2.00-26.2; p<0.001). Projectile vomiting (OR=5.97; 95% CI: 2.33-15.3; p<0.001) and male sex (OR=2.64; 95% CI: 1.05-6.61; p<0.05) were also identified as independent clinical predictors. Postprandial vomiting showed a strong association with organic pathology (OR=5.81; p<0.001), whereas recurrent vomiting did not demonstrate significant differential diagnostic value (p>0.05). Conclusion.…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
  topic: keywords
subject: pylorospasm
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical risk factors
  topic: keywords
subject: diagnostic predictors
  topic: keywords
subject: vomiting
  topic: keywords
subject: infants
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdurayim Arzikulov
creator: Dilafruz Nishonova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-06
publication date: 2026-06-06
starting page: 1350
ending page: 1356
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-3-1350-1356

Optimization of diagnostical algorithms for pediatric polyneuropathy: etiological classification and immunological assessment in genetic and acquired types
type: item
description: Introduction. The timely diagnosis of polyneuropathies in children is a pressing issue in modern pediatric neurology, where etiological differentiation and immunological assessment significantly increase diagnostic accuracy. The aim of the study was to develop a highly sensitive, combined diagnostic algorithm based on the evaluation of etiological factors and immunological status in children with inflammatory and hereditary polyneuropathies. Materials and Methods. To optimize the diagnostic algorithm, a combined scoring system was developed. An integrative diagnostic model, based on the z-standardized sum of CSF protein, IgG, CRP, and motor NCV indicators (z-CSF + z-IgG + z-CRP − z-NCV), was established to reliably differentiate between inflammatory and hereditary polyneuropathies. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 10 software. The normality of distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. This prospective-retrospective study was conducted from 2022 to 2025. A total of 105 children (aged 1–18) were divided into three groups: inflammatory polyneuropathy (n=45), hereditary polyneuropathy (n=30), and control (n=30). Clinical, immunological (IgG, IgM, IgA, CD3+/CD4+/CD8+, TNF-α, IL-6), electroneuromyography (ENMG), and genetic methods were employed. Results and Discussion. In the inflammatory group, a decreased CD4+/CD8+ ratio (1.20±0.35) was observed, along with a significant increase in IgG (14.58±3.33 g/L), TNF-α, and IL-6 levels (p<0.0001). No immunological changes were observed in the hereditary group. The combined diagnostic algorithm demonstrated high accuracy, with an AUC of 0.986. Conclusion. The developed combined algorithm allows for the reliable differentiation of inflammatory and hereditary polyneuropathies and is recommended for implementation in regional clinical practice.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: pediatric polyneuropathy
  topic: keywords
subject: immunological status
  topic: keywords
subject: etiological factors
  topic: keywords
subject: diagnostic algorithm
  topic: keywords
subject: anti-ganglioside antibodies
  topic: keywords
subject: Guillain-Barré syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: CMT
  topic: keywords
subject: electroneuromyography
  topic: keywords
creator: Shaxlo Saidazizova
creator: Kakhkhorali Gulomov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 1341
ending page: 1349
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-3-1341-1349

Clinical features of glomerulopathies in children with iodine deficiency: a literature review
type: item
description: Intraduction. This study aims to systematically analyze the clinical features, pathophysiological mechanisms, and progression patterns of glomerulopathies in children with iodine deficiency based on current literature. The aim of the study is to conduct a systemic analysis of the clinical features, pathophysiological mechanisms and nature of the progression of glomerulopathies in children with iodine deficiency based on data from modern scientific literature. Methods. A narrative literature review approach was applied using published data from peer-reviewed journals, including studies on thyroid–kidney interactions, pediatric glomerular diseases, and iodine deficiency-related metabolic and immunological alterations. Relevant clinical, experimental, and epidemiological studies were analyzed and synthesized. Results and discussion. Iodine deficiency leads to a reduction in the synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3, T4), which slows down metabolic processes, causes endothelial dysfunction, and activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. These changes result in a decrease in glomerular filtration rate, the development of proteinuria, and the progression of renal insufficiency. In addition, the activation of the immune system, an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α), oxidative stress, and the activation of the complement system exacerbate glomerular damage. Clinically, these children are characterized by severe progression of glomerulopathies, stable proteinuria, edema syndrome, arterial hypertension, decreased glomerular filtration rate, and poor response to treatment. The results of the study confirm that iodine deficiency affects not only the endocrine system but also renal function. These findings are consistent with studies by Zimmermann, Pearce, and other authors, who have shown that iodine deficiency leads to systemic metabolic disorders. Iodine deficiency, as shown, exacerbates the development of glomerulopathies, proteinuria, and reduce…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: iodine deficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: glomerulopathy
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: thyroid hormones
  topic: keywords
subject: proteinuria
  topic: keywords
subject: renal function
  topic: keywords
subject: immunology
  topic: keywords
creator: Muqaddas Boltaboeva
creator: Marifat Ganiyeva
creator: Muniba Madraximova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 1330
ending page: 1340
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-3-1330-1340

Characteristics of Clinical Signs in the Comorbid Course of Allergic Rhinitis and Bronchial Asthma in Children
type: item
description: Introduction. Allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma are among the most common allergic diseases in children and are pathogenetically interrelated. The comorbid course of these diseases may lead to more severe clinical manifestations, difficulties in disease control, and a reduction in patients’ quality of life. The aim of the study was to investigate the characteristics of clinical signs in children with allergic rhinitis comorbid with bronchial asthma. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Allergology of the multidisciplinary clinic of Tashkent State Medical University. The age of the examined patients ranged from 7 to 18 years, with a mean age of 10.1 ± 0.31 years. Group 1 included 100 children with comorbid allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Group 2 included 50 children with allergic rhinitis, of whom subgroup 2a consisted of 24 patients with intermittent allergic rhinitis (IAR), and subgroup 2b consisted of 26 patients with persistent allergic rhinitis (PAR). The main clinical symptoms, their frequency, severity, and interrelationships were analyzed in children with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Results and discussion. Nasal obstruction was identified in 72 patients (72%) in Group 1 with combined allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, in 15 patients (62.5%) in subgroup 2a with intermittent allergic rhinitis, and in 17 patients (65.3%) in subgroup 2b with persistent allergic rhinitis (p<0.001). Rhinorrhea was most frequently observed as persistent, occurring both during the day and at night (4 points), in 59 patients (59%) of Group 1 and in 12 patients (50%) of subgroup 2a with intermittent allergic rhinitis (p<0.01). In subgroup 2b, among children with persistent allergic rhinitis, less frequent rhinorrhea (2 points) was more commonly observed in 15 patients (57.6%) (p<0.01). Sneezing in patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma was of moderate severity in 43% of cases and marked severity in 39%…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: allergic rhinitis
  topic: keywords
subject: bronchial asthma
  topic: keywords
subject: comorbidity
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical signs
  topic: keywords
subject: allergic diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: symptoms
  topic: keywords
subject: diagnosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Adibaxon Saidxonova
creator: Maktuba Mirraximova
creator: Saidanvarxon Sayitxonov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 1319
ending page: 1325
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1319-1325

Modern Principles of Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Obstructive Bronchitis in Young Children
type: item
description: Introduction. In recent decades, acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis remain among the most common respiratory diseases in young children and represent a significant problem in pediatric practice. The severity of these conditions is determined not only by pronounced inflammatory changes in the airways but also by the development of obstructive syndrome, which impairs lung ventilation and provokes respiratory failure. One of the key factors contributing to the unfavorable course of the disease is the insufficiency of the immune response in young children, making them more vulnerable to infectious and viral agents. Therefore, particular attention is given to the development and justification of comprehensive treatment strategies aimed not only at alleviating the symptoms of the disease but also at correcting the child’s immune status. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of immunomodulin in acute obstructive bronchitis and bronchiolitis in young children based on the assessment of clinical signs of the disease. Materials and Methods. The study was based on data obtained from a three-year research project. conducted at the 1st Somatic Department of the Tashkent City Children’s Clinical Hospital. A total of 95 young children aged 1 month to 3 years (mean age 1.5 ± 0.63 years) with obstructive bronchitis and bronchiolitis were examined. Among them, 59 (62.1%) were boys and 36 (37.9%) were girls. Results and Discussion. In children with acute obstructive bronchitis (AOB), the use of immunomodulin contributed to faster resolution of clinical symptoms, including perioral cyanosis, skin pallor, tachycardia, wheezing, and cough, significantly increasing the overall treatment efficacy. In children with acute obstructive bronchiolitis (AOBl), recovery of breathing, disappearance of expiratory dyspnea, cyanosis, skin pallor, tachycardia, wheezing, and cough occurred more rapidly, also resulting in noticeable improvement in clinical outcomes. Thus, immunomodulin significantly accele…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: bronchitis
  topic: keywords
subject: bronchiolitis
  topic: keywords
subject: immunomodulin
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical signs
  topic: keywords
subject: treatment
  topic: keywords
creator: Makhzuna Mukhsinova
creator: Ilhom Karimdjanov
creator: Gulsara Reymnazarova
creator: Mukhiddin Togayev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 1309
ending page: 1318
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1309-1318

Spastic Diplegia (Juber Syndrome) In a CHild With Coronary Circulatory Disorder And Anemia
type: item
description: Introduction. In recent years, comprehensive evaluation of clinical and instrumental features of cerebral palsy (CP), taking into account perinatal risk factors and comorbid somatic conditions influencing neurological severity, has gained particular importance. Early hypoxic-ischemic brain injury remains one of the leading causes of spastic forms of CP. The aim of the study. To present a clinical case of spastic diplegia in a child and to assess clinical and instrumental characteristics of the disease course, including the impact of concomitant anemia on neurological status. Materials and Methods. The study is based on clinical observation of a female patient born in 2011 diagnosed with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy and hospitalized at the multidisciplinary clinic of Tashkent State Medical university in 2026. Clinical-neurological examination, laboratory tests (complete blood count, biochemical analysis), and instrumental studies (EEG, EchoEG, ECG) were performed. Brain MRI data were also analyzed. Results and Discussion. The patient demonstrated signs of spastic hemiparesis predominantly affecting the left side, hyperreflexia, pathological reflexes, and delayed psychomotor and speech development. MRI revealed periventricular gliosis. EEG showed dysfunction of midline brainstem structures. Moderate anemia was detected (hemoglobin 88 g/L). These findings correspond to the typical course of spastic cerebral palsy associated with hypoxic-ischemic injury of periventricular white matter. Concomitant anemia may aggravate cognitive impairment due to chronic tissue hypoxia. Conclusion. The presented clinical case confirms the role of early hypoxic-ischemic CNS injury in the development of spastic diplegia. Concomitant anemia requires correction within comprehensive therapy, as it may worsen cognitive outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for patient stabilization and functional improvement.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: cerebral palsy
  topic: keywords
subject: spastic diplegia
  topic: keywords
subject: gliosis
  topic: keywords
subject: anemia
  topic: keywords
subject: hypoxic-ischemic injury
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: neurorehabilitation
  topic: keywords
creator: Dilorom Dinmukhamedieva
creator: Gulshan Iskanova
creator: Nozima Sadikova
creator: Komil Nosirov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 1302
ending page: 1308
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1302-1308

Thyroid Gland and Chronic Kidney Disease in Children
type: item
description: Introduction. Chronic kidney disease in children is accompanied by pronounced metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory disturbances, among which alterations in thyroid status occupy an important place. As renal function declines, peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism becomes impaired, iodine clearance decreases, chronic inflammation intensifies, and the likelihood of developing a biochemical profile consistent with low T3 syndrome increases. Aim. To summarize current evidence on thyroid dysfunction in children with chronic kidney disease and to analyze the main pathogenetic mechanisms, laboratory abnormalities, and clinical significance of thyroid status alterations in this patient population. Materials and methods. This study was conducted as a narrative literature review. Recent publications on chronic kidney disease in children, thyroid profile abnormalities associated with reduced renal function, the pathogenetic mechanisms of low T3 syndrome, and the clinical significance of hormonal disturbances in this patient population were reviewed and analyzed. Results and discussion. Thyroid dysfunction in children with chronic kidney disease does not always reflect primary thyroid pathology, as it often develops secondary to uremic intoxication, impaired deiodinase activity, chronic inflammation with activation of proinflammatory cytokines, protein-energy deficiency, and metabolic disturbances. The most common hormonal abnormality is low T3 syndrome, which should be regarded as one of the markers of systemic metabolic maladaptation in chronic kidney disease. In childhood, these changes are of particular clinical importance because they may be associated with growth retardation, impaired nutritional status, abnormalities of bone metabolism, and reduced adaptive capacity. Conclusion. Thyroid dysfunction in children with chronic kidney disease is a clinically significant manifestation of systemic disorders and requires comprehensive assessment during follow-up, especially in …
subject: Article / Review
  topic: section
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: chronic kidney disease
  topic: keywords
subject: thyroid dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: low T3 syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: hypothyroidism
  topic: keywords
subject: pediatric nephrology
  topic: keywords
creator: Ilkhamdzhan Karimdzhanov
creator: Matluba Rahmonberdiyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 1296
ending page: 1301
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1296-1301

Аnxiety as a Clinical Marker of Atopic Dermatitis Activity in CHildren
type: item
description: Introduction. Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and is often associated with psychoemotional disturbances. The aim of the study to study the relationship between psychoemotional status and clinical activity of atopic dermatitis in children. Materials and Methods. A total of 41 children aged 7–12 years with atopic dermatitis and 20 healthy controls were examined. Disease severity was assessed using the SCORAD index. Anxiety levels were evaluated using the Spielberger–Khanin scale. Results and Discussion. Moderate severity predominated (51.2%). High anxiety levels were mainly observed in severe cases. A direct relationship between disease severity and anxiety level was established. Conclusion. Anxiety can be considered a clinical marker of atopic dermatitis activity, supporting the need for a comprehensive therapeutic approach.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: atopic dermatitis
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: SCORAD
  topic: keywords
subject: psychosomatic status
  topic: keywords
creator: Maktuba Mirrakhimova
creator: Dildora Abidova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 1290
ending page: 1295
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1290-1295

Bronchial Asthma in Adolescents with Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Dysplasia: Role of Th17 Cytokines, Vitamin D and Microelement Imbalance
type: item
description: Introduction. Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by bronchial hyperreactivity and airway remodeling. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the role of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD) in the development and progression of bronchial asthma in adolescents. Structural abnormalities of connective tissue may contribute to changes in the architecture of the bronchial wall, enhancement of inflammatory processes, and worsening of the clinical course of the disease. Aim of the study. To evaluate the role of Th17 cytokines (IL-17), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), vitamin D status, and the balance of trace elements (zinc and magnesium) in adolescents with bronchial asthma associated with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia. Material and methods. The study included 182 adolescents aged 12–17 years. The main group consisted of patients with bronchial asthma combined with UCTD (n=92), the comparison group included patients with bronchial asthma without UCTD (n=60), and the control group consisted of practically healthy adolescents (n=30). Clinical, laboratory, immunological and biochemical methods of investigation were used. The levels of IL-17, TGF-β, IgE, vitamin D, zinc, and magnesium were assessed. Results and discussion. Adolescents with bronchial asthma associated with UCTD demonstrated significantly higher levels of IL-17, TGF-β and IgE, as well as significantly lower levels of vitamin D, zinc and magnesium compared with the control group (p<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that elevated IL-17 levels and vitamin D deficiency were independent predictors of severe bronchial asthma. These findings indicate the involvement of immune dysregulation and connective tissue abnormalities in the processes of airway remodeling and disease progression. Conclusion. The obtained results suggest that adolescents with bronchial asthma associated with UCTD have pronounced immune a…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: bronchial asthma
  topic: keywords
subject: undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia
  topic: keywords
subject: IL-17
  topic: keywords
subject: amin D deficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: adolescents
  topic: keywords
creator: Dilorom Abdullaeva
creator: Kamila Shomuradova
creator: Adibakhon Sаidkhonova
creator: Sukhrobzhon Tursunaliev
creator: Sabina Adkhamova
creator: Jahongir Mansurov
creator: Barnoxon Pulatova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 1285
ending page: 1289
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1285-1289

Modern Clinical and Epidemiological Features of The Course of Hemorrhagic Vasculitis in CHildren
type: item
description: Introduction. According to the literature, hemorrhagic vasculitis (Henoch-Schonlein purpura) is one of the most common systemic vasculitis in children. In recent years, the disease has been increasing not only in preschool and primary school children, but also in adolescents, and often develops in connection with respiratory infections, allergic conditions, and changes in the immune system. The aim of the study is to study the modern clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the course of hemorrhagic vasculitis (Henoch–Schonlein purpura) in children. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the scientific literature published in the last decade on hemorrhagic vasculitis (Henoch–Schonlein purpura) in children was performed. The obtained data were mathematically verified and compared by year. Results and discussion. The results of the study showed that the formation of immune complexes, inflammation of the vascular walls, and microcirculation disorders play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In the clinical picture, hemorrhagic skin rashes, joint and abdominal syndromes, kidney damage, and mixed symptoms are the leading ones. Also, the course of the disease has individual characteristics, and its severity is determined by the main clinical symptoms and the development of complications. Conclusion. The scientific data obtained as a result of the study indicate that in-depth study of modern clinical and epidemiological characteristics is important for early detection of hemorrhagic vasculitis, assessment of risk factors, and prognosis of the course of the disease.
subject: Article / Review
  topic: section
subject: child
  topic: keywords
subject: hemorrhagic vasculitis
  topic: keywords
subject: epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: clinic
  topic: keywords
creator: Lola Raxmanova
creator: Muqaddas Boltaboeva
creator: Avazbek Nizamutdinov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 1276
ending page: 1284
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1276-1284

Adaptation of children to Learning in Schools with Different Educational Models: The State of Autonomic Homeostasis and Personal-Characterological Adaptive Resources
type: item
description: Psychological and behavioral factors participate in the pathogenesis of most chronic non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.). The aim of the study is to study the adaptation characteristics of children (parameters of vegetative homeostasis, personality characteristics, and adaptive behavior style) under conditions of moderate chronic stress. Materials and methods. The study included 177 children aged 10 to 12 (11.3±0.2 years), with first and second health groups, who graduated from primary school and are enrolled in the private "IQRO" school or the secondary level of general education schools. The main group consisted of 119 students from the "IQRO" school (55 girls). The comparison group consisted of 58 students (31 girls) from one of the general education schools. All patients underwent standard electrocardiography (ECG). The baseline autonomic tone was determined using the A.M. Vein questionnaire modified by N.A. Belokon. Vegetative tests were performed based on the analysis of heart rhythm and blood pressure. A.M. Prihozhan's adapted Phillips test and L.A. Yasukova's modified 12-factor Kettell personality questionnaire were used. Statistical Analysis. Data processing was performed using the Statistica 10 software package. The critical level of statistical significance for testing null hypotheses was set at p = 0.05. To compare the distributions of quantitative variables across groups, in addition to the classical analysis of variance (ANOVA), nonparametric methods were applied, including the Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance with Wilcoxon rank scores and the Van der Waerden test. Results. The analysis demonstrated that parameters of autonomic homeostasis are closely associated with personality traits and adaptive behavior styles. Baseline sympathicotonia was associated with high levels of general anxiety (p = 0.000) and reduced volitional self-control (p = 0.000). Children with excessive sympathetic reactivity were characterized by increa…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: learning
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: autonomic nervous system
  topic: keywords
creator: Mariya Daminova
creator: Abdurayim Arzikulov
creator: Qahramon Yusupov
creator: Maxpora Mirzaeva
creator: Dilnoza Melieva
creator: Gulhayo Mamatkhujayeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 1265
ending page: 1275
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1265-1275

Modern Features of the Pathogenesis, Epidemiology and Clinical Course of Acute glomerulonephritis in children
type: item
description: Introduction. In recent years, the evolution of acute glomerulonephritis in children has been accompanied by an early decline in renal function, with an increase in the frequency of latent and chronic variants of the disease. This situation requires serious attention to glomerulonephritis in children with various diseases (secondary immunodeficiency, allergic, metabolic) caused by environmental factors, which is a global problem. The aim of the study is to analyze the current features of the pathogenesis, epidemiology and clinical course of acute glomerulonephritis in children and the impact of environmental problems on it. Materials and methods. A retrospective review of the literature on acute glomerulopathies in children (including acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN)) over the past decade was conducted. The data obtained was mathematically verified and compared by year. Results and discussion. APSGN in children is a serious problem today, and many aspects of the disease have not been fully resolved. Today, the real situation often differs radically from the traditional description of the disease. The reasons for the development of the pathological process in different clinical manifestations in individual patients and its severity remain unclear. Conclusion: In recent years, the leading etiological factor of OCSGN in children has been streptococcal infection, and the most typical clinical symptoms remain hematuria, generalized edema, and arterial hypertension. The development of the disease is often fundamentally dependent on the activation of a latent streptococcal infection in the body due to the influence of risk factors (ecology, hereditary predisposition to glomerulopathy, chronic foci of infection, the addition of a new viral-bacterial infection, secondary immunodeficiency, comorbidity of allergic, metabolic diseases).
subject: Article / Review
  topic: section
subject: child
  topic: keywords
subject: glomerulonephritis
  topic: keywords
subject: modern
  topic: keywords
subject: characteristic
  topic: keywords
creator: Akramjon Raxmanov
creator: Lola Raxmanova
creator: Shaxodat Matkarimova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 1255
ending page: 1264
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1255-1264

POLYMORPHISM OF THE FTO GENE (RS9939609) AS A RISK FACTOR FOR EARLY KIDNEY DAMAGE IN CHILDREN WITH OBESITY
type: item
description: Introduction. The problem of obesity in children continues to attract the attention of pediatricians worldwide. The development of a comorbid pathology, namely kidney damage, is of particular importance. In the pathogenesis of kidney disorders in obesity, both metabolic disorders and genetically determined predisposition lie. Studying these facts will allow us to identify a high-risk group among children with obesity for early preventive and treatment measures. The aim of the study is to study the relationship between kidney functional disorders and FTO gene polymorphism in children with obesity. Material and methods. 211 children with alimentary exogenous-constitutional obesity were examined, and from the examined sample of patients, groups were formed according to the types of fat tissue distribution: a group of children with abdominal fat tissue distribution type; a group of children with a uniform fat tissue distribution type. The control group consisted of 104 children of the same age and sex with normal body weight. We investigated the features of anthropometric data, biochemical and molecular genetic studies, including determining the excretion of albumin with urine, cystatin levels, calculating glomerular filtration rate, and determining the polymorphism of the FTO gene. Results and Discussion. Our studies showed that in children with abdominal obesity, the frequency of the AA genotype was higher (28.4%) compared to the group of children with moderate obesity (16%) with a statistically significant advantage (2=4.529, p=0.034). This allowed us to classify the AA genotype as predisposing to the development of abdominal obesity. Both in children with abdominal obesity and in children with moderate obesity, the highest level of urine albumin (77.03±6.52 mg/l and 54.11±5.17 mg/l) was noted in carriers of the A/A genotype, and the lowest in children with carriers of the T/T genotype (38.83±5.03 mg/l and 21.39±3.14 mg/l; p<0.001). In children with a uniform type of…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: metabolic kidney damage
  topic: keywords
subject: obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: microalbuminuria
  topic: keywords
subject: cystatin
  topic: keywords
subject: FTO gene
  topic: keywords
creator: Lilya Garifulina
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-27
publication date: 2026-02-27
starting page: 1244
ending page: 1250
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1244-1250

DEPRESSION IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE: THE DETERMINING ROLE OF DISEASE STAGE AND MOTOR DEFICIT
type: item
description: Introduction. Depression is a frequent non-motor manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD), significantly affecting patients' quality of life and prognosis. The aim of the study the prevalence of depression using the HADS scale and its associations with clinical and demographic parameters in PD patients. Materials and Methods. A total of 153 PD patients were examined. The assessment tools included Part III of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III) for motor evaluation and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for depression screening. Patients were categorized based on HADS scores into groups: no depression (0-7), subclinical depression (8-10), and clinical depression (≥11). Results and Discussion. Subclinical depression was identified in 68.6% (n=105) of patients, while clinical depression was found in 9.9% (n=15). Age and gender did not differ significantly between the groups (p>0.05). Strong positive correlations were established between the depression score and the Hoehn & Yahr stage (p=0.00043) as well as the UPDRS-III score (p=0.002). In the multivariate regression model, the PD stage was a borderline significant predictor of clinical depression (p=0.065). Conclusions. Depression in PD is predominantly subclinical and is strongly associated with the severity of motor deficit and disease stage. This justifies the rationale for implementing stage-oriented screening for depression in this patient population.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: affective disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: depression
  topic: keywords
subject: Parkinson's disease
  topic: keywords
subject: quality of life
  topic: keywords
creator: Gullola Isroilova
creator: Gulrukhsora Isroilova
creator: Zaynutdinkhuzha Saifitdinkhuzhaev
creator: Nargisa Nasirdinova
creator: Odina Quchkarova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-18
publication date: 2026-02-18
starting page: 1228
ending page: 1234
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1228-1234

THE ROLE OF PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF THE GUT MICROBIOME AND HEALTH STATUS OF INFANTS DURING THE FIRST YEARS OF LIFE
type: item
description: Introduction. The first year of life represents a critical “window of development” characterized by high microbiome plasticity and increased sensitivity to various early-life factors. During this period, the foundations of immune tolerance, intestinal barrier function, and regulation of inflammatory responses are established. Numerous studies have demonstrated the significant influence of the gut microbiota on the health status and development of infants in the first year of life. The aim of the study. To analyze international experience in assessing the role of perinatal and postnatal factors in the formation of the gut microbiome and health status of infants during the first year of life. Materials and Methods. A total of 36 publications were analyzed, including systematic reviews, cohort studies, prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and original research articles focusing on the role of perinatal and postnatal factors in shaping the gut microbiome and its association with infant health outcomes. Results and Discussion. The formation of the gut microbiome begins at birth and represents a stepwise dynamic process. The mode of delivery has a significant impact on the initial composition of the intestinal microbiota. Vaginally delivered infants are predominantly colonized by microorganisms of the genera Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides, whereas infants born by cesarean section demonstrate reduced microbial diversity and delayed intestinal colonization. The maternal microbiome status, nutritional characteristics, and the presence of somatic diseases significantly influence primary intestinal colonization in newborns. The maternal microbiota has been identified as one of the main sources of microorganisms transmitted to the infant during the perinatal period. Thе microbiome is determined not only by its taxonomic composition but also by its metabolic activity, particularly the ability of microorganisms to synthesize biologically active metabo…
subject: Article / Review
  topic: section
subject: infants
  topic: keywords
subject: first year of life
  topic: keywords
subject: gut microbiome
  topic: keywords
subject: perinatal factors
  topic: keywords
subject: postnatal factors
  topic: keywords
subject: health status
  topic: keywords
creator: Shoira Agzamova
creator: Sayyora Lutfullayeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-23
publication date: 2026-02-23
starting page: 1235
ending page: 1243
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1235-1243

PREGNANCY OUTCOMES IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER COMPLICATED BY RETROCHORIAL HEMATOMA
type: item
description: Introduction. Retrochorial hematoma (RCH) in early gestation in women can predict adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. The relationship between the presence of RCH, its location, size, and perinatal complications was studied. Increased RCH size is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy complications such as vaginal bleeding in the first trimester, early fetal loss, fetal growth restriction, placental abruption, and preterm labor. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between first-trimester retrochorial hematoma and gestational and perinatal complications. Patients and methods. Information on 177 patients whose pregnancies in the first trimester (<14 weeks) were complicated by retrochorial hematoma was obtained from an analysis of archival material at Tashkent Regional Clinical and Practical Center No. 6, conducted between January 2023 and December 2025. A control group (35 healthy pregnant women) was recruited from the outpatient clinic of this institution. The presence of fetal cardiac activity at the time of diagnosis of retrochorial hematoma was a prerequisite for inclusion in the study. Depending on the hematoma size, pregnant women with RCH were divided into three groups: with small hematomas (RCH-I group, n = 57), with medium hematomas (RCH-II group (n = 101) and with large hematomas (RCH-III group, n = 19). The control group consisted of 35 pregnant women without RCH and vaginal bleeding. Statistical processing of the data was performed within the framework of a retrospective study using Statistica software (version 25.0). Results. Retrochorial hematoma is associated with an increased frequency of bleeding in the first trimester, regardless of its size, as well as with a lower gestational age of the fetus at delivery. At the same time, an increase in the size of a retrochorial hematoma increases the risk of placental abruption, preterm labor, SIDS and fetal loss. Conclusions. Thus, the association of early gestation retr…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: pregnancy
  topic: keywords
subject: sonography
  topic: keywords
subject: retrochorial hematoma
  topic: keywords
subject: hematoma size
  topic: keywords
subject: perinatal outcomes
  topic: keywords
creator: Gulyamovna Rasul-Zade Yulduz
creator: Dilfuzakhon Shukurkhujaeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-18
publication date: 2026-02-18
starting page: 1220
ending page: 1227
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1220-1227

IMPROVING THE RESULTS OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CRYPTORCHIDISM IN CHILDREN
type: item
description: Cryptorchidism is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the male reproductive system and is characterized by the failure of testicular descent into the scrotum. This condition leads to impaired microcirculation, vascularization, and thermoregulation of the testicular tissue, resulting in degenerative changes, suppression of spermatogenesis, and an increased risk of infertility. According to the literature, the incidence of cryptorchidism ranges from 1.6% to 9% in full-term newborns and reaches up to 30% in preterm infants. Delayed medical consultation, late diagnosis, and inappropriate treatment strategies significantly worsen therapeutic outcomes. Aim of the study: To improve the outcomes of cryptorchidism treatment in children through early diagnosis and a comprehensive therapeutic approach. Materials and methods: From 2020 to 2025, 253 patients aged from 8 months to 17 years with various forms of cryptorchidism were examined and treated at the In the urology department of the Andijan Regional Children's Multidisciplinary Medical Center. Diagnostic methods included Doppler ultrasonography, multislice computed tomography (MSCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and diagnostic laparoscopy when indicated. All patients underwent clinical and laboratory investigations; in cases of non-palpable gonads, serum sex hormone levels were additionally assessed. Results and conclusion: The results demonstrate that early detection of cryptorchidism and a differentiated surgical approach contribute to the preservation of gonadal function and reduction of postoperative complications. Timely application of minimally invasive endoscopic techniques significantly decreases the incidence of testicular atrophy, retraction, and the risk of infertility.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: cryptorchidism
  topic: keywords
subject: orchidopexy
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: abdominal cryptorchidism
  topic: keywords
subject: inguinal retention
  topic: keywords
creator: Adxam Gafurov
creator: Nodirbek Nazirov
creator: Zoirjon Turakulov
creator: Mamasoli Allaev
creator: Dilshodbek Mamataliyev
creator: Muxammadjon Soliyev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-04
publication date: 2026-02-04
starting page: 1213
ending page: 1219
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1213-1219

IMMUNOHEMATOLOGICAL MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION IN FULL-TERM NEWBORNS WITH CONGENITAL PNEUMONIA
type: item
description: Relevance. Congenital pneumonia (СP) remains one of the most severe forms of perinatal infection, exerting a significant impact on neonatal morbidity and mortality. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 7 million children in early infancy suffer annually from the consequences of intrauterine infection, with more than 600,000 cases resulting in death during the neonatal and infant periods. The purpose . To assess the diagnostic value of leukocyte profile parameters in umbilical cord blood of newborns with intrauterine pneumonia. Materials and Methods. A prospective study was conducted involving 81 full-term newborns (gestational age 37–42 weeks), including 61 infants diagnosed with СP (main group) and 20 healthy newborns (control group). Umbilical cord blood samples were collected within the first hours of life to determine absolute leukocyte and lymphocyte counts. Statistical analysis included calculation of mean values, standard deviations, correlation coefficients (r), and significance levels (p). Results. Significant alterations in leukocyte profiles were observed in newborns with СP. The mean leukocyte count was 14.77 ± 0.512 × 10⁹/L, markedly higher than in the control group (9.87 ± 1.317 × 10⁹/L). A similar trend was noted for lymphocytes: 6.02 ± 0.719 × 10⁹/L versus 1.56 ± 0.361 × 10⁹/L. A moderate positive correlation was found between leukocyte and lymphocyte counts (r = 0.59; p < 0.05), indicating synchronized activation of the innate immune response. Peak levels were recorded on the third day of life. Conclusion. The leukocyte profile of umbilical cord blood serves as a valuable marker of inflammatory activity in СP and can be utilized for early immunological monitoring in newborns.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: newborns
  topic: keywords
subject: pneumonia
  topic: keywords
subject: leukocytes
  topic: keywords
subject: lymphocytes
  topic: keywords
subject: immune system
  topic: keywords
creator: Gullola Turabidinova
creator: Shohida Turdieva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 1205
ending page: 1212
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1205-1212

ASSESSMENT OF THE RESULTS OF PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION TO CHANGE LIFESTYLE IN OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE CHILDREN
type: item
description: Obesity is associated with serious health problems in children and is a major and early risk factor for morbidity and mortality in adults. The direct health effects of obesity include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and glucose tolerance. Purpose of the study: assessment of leptin and adiponectin levels before and after lifestyle changes in children with obesity and overweight and determining their role as biomarkers. Material and methods: One hundred and four overweight and obese children (51 boys and 53 girls) were included in this study and constituted the main group. Fifty-four children with normal body weight without endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, or liver diseases constituted the study's control group. Of the first 104 children, 48 returned for re-examination after a year of lifestyle changes. Anthropometric indicators were assessed in these children at the initial stage, as well as after one year. Lifestyle intervention is included in the educational program, which includes changes in nutrition and physical activity. Children and their parents are advised to switch to a normal calorie diet based on a balanced distribution of carbohydrates (55%), proteins (15%), and lipids (total 30%, saturated fats less than 10%). When changing the form of physical activity, it is recommended to perform aerobic exercises three to five times a week for no less than 45-60 minutes. Results: Clinical and biochemical characteristics were determined in children with obesity and excess body weight (group A, n=104) at the initial stage compared to the control group (group B, n=54), at the initial stage (group C, n=48) and after 1 year of intervention (group D, n=48). After 1 year of preventive intervention, 48 children were re-examined. Children with unchanged body weight and those who lost weight were compared. Children with obesity and excess weight did not have statistical differences in many parameters, including insulin levels, HOMA-IR, and adiponectin levels, compar…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: overweight
  topic: keywords
subject: obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: body mass index
  topic: keywords
subject: leptin
  topic: keywords
subject: adiponectin
  topic: keywords
creator: Gulhayo Mamatkhujayeva
creator: Abdurayim Arzikulov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 1200
ending page: 1204
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1200-1204

CARDIOPROTECTION IN ANESTHESIOLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR PEDIATRIC OPEN HEART SURGERY: CLINICAL CAPABILITIES OF SEVOFLURANE
type: item
description: Experimental studies have shown that volatile anesthetics can induce pharmacological preconditioning and reduce the degree of myocardial damage, however, clinical data in pediatric practice remain limited and contradictory. Objective. Compare the cardioprotective effects of sevofluron and total intravenous propofol anesthesia in children who underwent open-heart surgery using artificial blood circulation. Methods. A prospective one-centered study included 106 children aged 6 months to 5 years with congenital heart defects who underwent open-heart surgery with cardioplegic cardiac arrest. Patients were divided into two groups: sevofluran (n=53) and propofol (n=53). The primary endpoint was the maximum level of cardiospecific troponin T in the postoperative period. Secondary endpoints included the frequency of arrhythmias, indicators of hemodynamic stability, echocardiography data, the need for inotropic support, the duration of mechanical ventilation and stay in the intensive care unit. Results. In all observations, an increase in the level of cardiospecific troponin T after surgery was noted, however, its values were significantly lower in the sevofluran group at all stages of observation. After 3 hours, the level of cTnT was 1.2±0.3 ng/ml in the sevoflurane group and 1.9±0.4 ng/ml in the propofol group (p<0.05), after 8 hours-1.7±0.4 and 2.6±0.5 ng/ml respectively (p<0.01), after 12 hours-1.5±0.3 and 2.3±0.5 ng/ml (p<0.05), after 24 hours-1.1±0.2 and 1.8±0.3 ng/ml (p<0.05). Arrhythmias were registered in 11.3% of patients in the sevoflurane group and in 26.4% of patients in the propofol group (p<0.05). The need for inotropic support was lower when using sevoflurane (15.1% versus 32.1%, p<0.05). The time of artificial lung ventilation (9.2±3.1 versus 13.6±4.4 hours, p<0.01) and the duration of stay in the ICU (36±10 versus 52±14 hours, p<0.05) were significantly shorter in the sevoflurane group. Echo-indicators indicated a faster restoration of myocardial systolic a…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: congenital heart defects
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: sevofluran
  topic: keywords
subject: propofol
  topic: keywords
subject: cardioprotection
  topic: keywords
subject: troponin T
  topic: keywords
creator: Farmon Toxirov
creator: Sherzod Toshboev
creator: Murodjon Kodirov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-20
publication date: 2026-01-20
starting page: 1192
ending page: 1199
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1192-1199

ANESTHESIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF PERIOPERATIVE OUTCOMES IN CHILDREN WITH INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
type: item
description: Intestinal obstruction in infants and young children is associated with high perioperative morbidity and mortality. Besides surgical factors, anesthesiological management and perioperative intensive care may significantly influence outcomes. Objective.This study aimed to identify perioperative predictors of adverse outcomes in children with intestinal obstruction and to evaluate anesthesiological management strategies. Methods. A retrospective observational study was conducted at the Andijan Regional Multidisciplinary Medical Center. Medical records of 99 children aged 0-3 years who underwent emergency surgery for intestinal obstruction were analyzed. Demographic, clinical, anesthetic, and perioperative variables were evaluated. Binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were applied to identify independent predictors of adverse outcomes. Results. Adverse outcomes (severe complications and/or death) occurred in 34.3% of patients. Operation duration was identified as an independent predictor of adverse outcome (OR 1.064 per minute; 95% CI 1.023-1.107; p=0.002). Delayed hospital admission (>24 h) showed a borderline association with adverse outcome (p=0.057). The regression model demonstrated acceptable discrimination (AUC=0.722). Late hospital admission (>24 hours) was marginally associated with adverse outcomes (p=0.057). The regression model had satisfactory discriminant ability, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.722. According to the results of the analysis, the duration of surgery was identified as an independent and reliable predictor of adverse clinical outcomes (OR=1.078; 95% CI: 1.028-1.131; p=0.002). This indicates that each additional minute of surgery increases the probability of developing an adverse clinical outcome by an average of 7-8%. This suggests that metabolic disorders associated with prolonged surgical time and increased surgical stress negatively affect clinical outcomes. Also, late hospital presen…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: intestinal obstruction
  topic: keywords
subject: general anesthesia
  topic: keywords
subject: epidural anesthesia
  topic: keywords
subject: perioperative period
  topic: keywords
subject: risk factors
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
creator: Sherzod Toshboev
creator: Ziyodaxon Ne’matova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-19
publication date: 2026-01-19
starting page: 1178
ending page: 1185
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1178-1185

IMPROVEMENT OF TREATMENT TACTICS FOR SEVERE DEGREES OF PECTUS EXCAVATUM IN PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN
type: item
description: The pathogenesis of pectus excavatum involves not only osteochondral structures but also the soft tissue components of the anterior chest wall, including the sternodiaphragmatic ligament, which plays an important role. The aim of this study was to improve the treatment strategy for severe forms of pectus excavatum (PE) in preschool-aged children. Clinical material: the treatment outcomes of 30 children aged 1 to 6 years diagnosed with grade III–IV pectus excavatum were analyzed. Methods: the degree of deformity was determined using multislice computed tomography (MSCT). In all patients, the morphological and functional status of the sternodiaphragmatic ligament (SDL) was additionally assessed by ultrasonography (US). Based on these findings, an individualized treatment strategy was selected. In patients with grade III–IV deformities and the presence of contracture and fibrotic changes of the SDL, ligament release was performed followed by correction using the vacuum bell technique. Results: In preschool-aged children with severe pectus excavatum, assessment of the sternodiaphragmatic ligament using ultrasonography is of great importance for selecting the appropriate treatment strategy. In patients with a morphologically preserved ligament, vacuum bell therapy was effective, whereas in cases with fibrotic changes and contracture, the use of vacuum bell correction combined with ligament release provided significantly better clinical and anatomical outcomes. Statistical analysis of the obtained results demonstrated a significant association between anterior chest wall deformation and mechanical stresses and the severity of the deformity. According to MSCT and computational biomechanical modeling, both the compression depth and the maximum von Mises stress values increased in a statistically significant manner with increasing deformity severity (p < 0.01). Compared with patients with grade II deformity, those with grade III–IV deformities showed significantly higher com…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: pectus excavatum
  topic: keywords
subject: preschool age
  topic: keywords
subject: sternodiaphragmatic ligament
  topic: keywords
subject: ultrasonography
  topic: keywords
subject: vacuum bell
  topic: keywords
subject: contracture
  topic: keywords
creator: Mirzakarimov Bahromjon
creator: Isakov Nuriddin
creator: Djumabaev Juraqul
creator: Karimov Doniyorbek
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-19
publication date: 2026-01-19
starting page: 1186
ending page: 1191
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1186-1191

STUDY OF THE PATHOGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF VISFATIN AND FOLLISTATIN LEVELS IN ENDOCRINE INFERTILITY
type: item
description: Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the role of neohormones in the development of endocrine infertility in women with overweight and grade I–II obesity, and to determine the relationship between metabolic disturbances, hormonal imbalance, and impaired reproductive function. The relevance of the research is driven by the increasing prevalence of obesity among women of reproductive age and the limited understanding of how neohormones contribute to the pathogenesis of endocrine infertility. Materials and Methods: The study included 114 women with reproductive dysfunction and varying degrees of excess body weight. Clinical assessment, evaluation of hormonal profiles, analysis of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and examination of liver function were performed. Levels of neohormones, including leptin, adiponectin, and several metabolically active peptides, were determined using standard laboratory methods. Results: Significant differences in metabolic parameters were identified, reflecting the extent of adipose tissue dysfunction and disturbances in neuroendocrine regulation. Elevated leptin levels and reduced adiponectin concentrations were associated with markers of insulin resistance, increased liver enzyme activity, and an unfavorable lipid profile. Women with pronounced alterations in neohormone secretion more frequently exhibited anovulatory cycles and a reduced ovarian reserve. These findings confirm the critical role of metabolic disturbances in the development of endocrine infertility among women with obesity. Novelty: The study establishes a comprehensive relationship between neohormone levels, metabolic status, and reproductive dysfunction in women with obesity. The results expand current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying infertility in the context of metabolic disorders and highlight the potential diagnostic value of neohormones as biomarkers. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of routine monitoring of metabolic and hormonal status, …
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: neohormones
  topic: keywords
subject: endocrine infertility
  topic: keywords
subject: obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: metabolic dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: leptin
  topic: keywords
subject: adiponectin
  topic: keywords
subject: insulin resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: hormonal imbalance
  topic: keywords
subject: reproductive health
  topic: keywords
subject: ovarian function
  topic: keywords
creator: Dilafruzxon Maksudova
creator: Diyora Muxammedaminova
creator: Umida Mirzaeva
creator: Sanobar Samijonova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 1165
ending page: 1175
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-6-1165-1175

THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND INNATE IMMUNITY PARAMETERS IN PREDICTING THE SEVERITY OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN
type: item
description: Introduction. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common respiratory infections in children and remains a major challenge in contemporary pediatrics. Assessing the risk of severe disease and predicting treatment outcomes in pediatric patients is of practical importance. Immunological biomarkers – including immunoglobulins, cellular subpopulations, and inflammatory indicators – play a key role in the pathogenesis of CAP and help characterize the immune response and disease severity. Objective. To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of inflammatory markers and innate immunity parameters in children with varying severity of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Materials and Methods. The study included 80 children aged 1 month to 3 years with a clinically and radiologically confirmed diagnosis of CAP. Patients were divided into two groups based on disease severity: 40 children with mild CAP and 40 with severe CAP. Severity stratification was performed using clinical criteria, including respiratory rate, degree of intoxication, presence of respiratory failure, and oxygen therapy requirement. Plasma levels of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, along with immunological parameters – CD16+, CD64+, and neutrophil phagocytic activity—were assessed as indicators of inflammation and innate immunity. Results. Significant differences were found between mild and severe CAP groups in leukocyte count, absolute lymphocyte count, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein concentrations, CD64+ expression, and neutrophil phagocytic activity. Elevated leukocytes, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and CD64+ expression (p<0.001) were associated with severe disease, while lymphopenia reflected impaired adaptive immunity (p<0.001). Phagocytic activity was also higher in severe cases (p<0.001). CD16+ did not reach statistical significance, though a tendency toward increased levels was observed. The most informative combination of markers included leukocyte count, proca…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: сommunity-acquired pneumonia
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: inflammatory markers
  topic: keywords
subject: innate immunity
  topic: keywords
subject: procalcitonin
  topic: keywords
subject: C-reactive protein
  topic: keywords
subject: CD64
  topic: keywords
subject: phagocytosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Nodira Abrieva
creator: Alisher Sharipov
creator: Zafar Safarov
creator: Bobir Shukurov
creator: Rustamxon Axrorxonov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
starting page: 1160
ending page: 1164
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-6-1160-1164

A CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ALVEOLAR PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF OCCLUSION IN PATIENTS AGED 7 TO 18 YEARS
type: item
description: Relevance. Malocclusions, accompanied by overload or underload of individual teeth in a specific region of the jaw, can cause pathological changes in the alveolar process, similar to those observed in periodontal disease. In this regard, clinical and radiological examination of the alveolar process at different age periods and with different types of bite is of great importance. The purpose of the study was to investigate the clinical and radiological age-related features of the normal structure of the alveolar process of the mandible in children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years. Materials and methods of the study. In the present study, we selected for clinical and radiographic examination of the alveolar process a total of 600 individuals aged 7 to 18 years with orthognathic occlusion; 50 individuals with excessive maxillary development complicated by deep incisal overlap (prognathism combined with deep bite); 42 individuals with excessive maxillary development without contact between the anterior teeth (prognathism combined with open bite); 50 individuals with deep incisal overlap (deep bite); and 22 individuals with open bite. Of the 600 individuals with orthognathic occlusion, 160 were examined twice, and 29 were examined three times at intervals of 1–2–3–4 years after the initial assessment. Results. In the four types of malocclusion examined in our study, the radiographic structure of the alveolar process was generally similar to that observed in individuals with orthognathic occlusion. Only in subjects with excessive maxillary development and absence of contact between the anterior teeth (prognathism combined with open bite) was an increased radiolucency of the trabecular structure of the interdental septa observed more frequently (in 25 out of 42 individuals). These features were found only in subjects aged 12 years and older, and only in cases where no occlusal contact between the anterior teeth was present even upon mandibular protrusion. Conclusion. The…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: alveolar process
  topic: keywords
subject: prognathism
  topic: keywords
subject: orthognathic occlusion
  topic: keywords
subject: deep bite
  topic: keywords
creator: Serajudin Gusenov
creator: Маrat Budaychiev
creator: Madina Abdumukhtarova
creator: Abdulrahim Abdufarukov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 1142
ending page: 1147
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-6-1142-1147

FEATURES OF THE IMMUNOLOGICAL PROFILE IN CHILDREN WITH JUVENILE ARTHRITIS OF SYSTEMIC ONSET DEPENDING ON DISEASE ACTIVITY
type: item
description: Relevance. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) is a distinct autoinflammatory subtype of juvenile arthritis, characterized by pronounced systemic inflammation and extra-articular manifestations such as fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. The disease is associated with dysregulated production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18), which determine its severity and increase the risk of complications. Conventional inflammatory markers, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), are often insufficiently specific for accurate assessment of disease activity. Therefore, studying cytokine profiles and identifying reliable immunological biomarkers is particularly relevant for timely diagnosis, objective evaluation of disease activity, and optimization of individualized treatment strategies in children with sJIA, ultimately contributing to improved clinical outcomes and better prognosis. Objective. To study the characteristics of the course of juvenile arthritis depending on disease activity in patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA). Materials and Methods. A prospective cohort study including 74 children with juvenile arthritis (44 of them with sJIA) was conducted from 2021 to 2023. The diagnosis was established according to the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria (2001). Immunological assessments included measurement of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α) using the RANDOX biochip technology, as well as autoimmune markers (S-100, serum ferritin) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on a Multiskan FS, conducted in the clinical laboratory of RSSPMCP. The level of disease activity was assessed using the Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score 27 (JADAS27). Statistical analysis was performed using StatPlus v8.0.3 and Microsoft Excel; correlations were assessed with Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, and differences were considered sta…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: IL-18
  topic: keywords
subject: systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis
  topic: keywords
subject: IL-6
  topic: keywords
subject: JADAS27
  topic: keywords
creator: Dilorom Akhmedova
creator: Iroda Kasimova
creator: Abdubosit Ibragimov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 1148
ending page: 1152
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-6-1148-1152